[PYTHON] I tried to get started with Hy ・ Define a class

This article is Lisp-like, but for the time being Python Part 2 Advent Calendar 2015 is the third day article.

Continuing from Last time, we will explore the possibility of Hy.

Old class definition method

The stable version of Hy at the time of this writing is 0.11.0.

In 0.11.0, when defining a class, use def class and write as follows.

(defclass FooBar [object]
  [[--init--
    (fn [self x]
      (setv self.x x)
      None)]

   [get-x
    (fn [self]
      "Return our copy of x"
      self.x)]])

How to define a new class

In the latest development version of Hy, as documented, how to define classes It's a little strange.

(defclass FooBar [object]
  (defn --init-- [self x]
    (setv self.x x))

  (defn get-x [self]
    "Return our copy of x"
    self.x))

Compared to 0.11.0 or earlier, the writing style is cleaner.

I don't know when the version that can be written will be stable, but if it changes anyway, I will get used to the new writing, so after that I will assume that I will use the development version Hy installed from github. write.

pip install git+https://github.com/hylang/hy.git

ʻIf name == How to write'main'` in Hy

It has nothing to do with the class definition, but when I write a script to check the operation,

if __name__ == '__main__':
    #Do something here
    func()

I want to write an idiom equivalent to in Hy.

Apparently, Python's __X__ becomes --X-- in Hy, so you can write it as follows.

; hello.hy
(defn hello []
  (print "Hello, World"))

(if (= --name-- "__main__")
  (hello))

Run with the hy interpreter.

$ hy ~/tmp/hello.hy
Hello, World

Inherit class

When I thought about the example of object-oriented programming using class inheritance, I couldn't think of a useful example, so [the timeless masterpiece "Rudolf and the Black Cat"](http://www.amazon.co.jp/ I made a trivial sample based on dp / 4061335057 /).

Define the Cat class that represents a domestic cat and the StrayCat that represents a stray cat by inheriting from the abstract class ʻAbstractCat`.

; cat.hy
(defclass AbstractCat [object]
  (defn --init-- [self name]
    (setv self.name name))

  (defn greet [self]
    (raise NotImplementedError)))

(defclass StrayCat [AbstractCat]
  (defn greet [self]
    (.format "My name is{}" self.name)))

(defclass Cat [AbstractCat]
  (defn --init-- [self name home]
    (.--init-- (super Cat self) name)
    (setv self.home home))

  (defn greet [self]
    (.format "my name is{}。{}I live in." self.name self.home)))

(defn main []
  (let [cat1 (Cat "Rudolph" "Rie-chan's house")
        cat2 (StrayCat "Ippai Attena")]
    (print (.greet cat1))
    (print (.greet cat2))))

(if (= --name-- "__main__")
  (main))

Just because __X__ becomes --X-- gives the impression that you've almost moved the Python syntax to Lisp syntax.

The constructor __init __ becomes --init --, and use (setv self.key value) to set properties.

(defclass AbstractCat [object]
  (defn --init-- [self name]
    (setv self.name name))

The Python super (X, self) .method () idiom that calls the method of the parent class is almost the same, just replaced with the Lisp syntax. In the above example, it is used when calling the constructor of the parent class.

(defclass Cat [AbstractCat]
  (defn --init-- [self name home]
    (.--init-- (super Cat self) name)
    (setv self.home home))

The pattern that throws a NotImplementedError exception to represent an abstract method can be ported almost exactly as(raise NotImplementedError).

(defclass AbstractCat [object]
  ;;Abbreviation
  (defn greet [self]
    (raise NotImplementedError)))

Convert Hy code to Python code using hy2py

Hy comes with a Hy → Python conversion tool called hy2py. Let's use this tool to convert the above example into Python code.

hy2py cat.hy

The result is as follows.

from hy.core.language import name


class AbstractCat(object):

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self.name
        return None

    def greet(self):
        raise NotImplementedError


class StrayCat(AbstractCat):

    def greet(self):
        return u'\u4ffa\u306e\u540d\u524d\u306f{}'.format(self.name)


class Cat(AbstractCat):

    def __init__(self, name, home):
        super(Cat, self).__init__(name)
        self.home = home
        self.home
        return None

    def greet(self):
        return u'\u50d5\u306e\u540d\u524d\u306f{}\u3002{}\u306b\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002'.format(self.name, self.home)

def main():

    def _hy_anon_fn_6():
        cat1 = Cat(u'\u30eb\u30c9\u30eb\u30d5', u'\u308a\u3048\u3061\u3083\u3093\u306e\u5bb6')
        cat2 = StrayCat(u'\u30a4\u30c3\u30d1\u30a4\u30a2\u30c3\u30c6\u30ca')
        (cat1, cat2)
        print(cat1.greet())
        return print(cat2.greet())
    return _hy_anon_fn_6()
(main() if (__name__ == u'__main__') else None)

It was converted to Python code almost as intended, except that it contained the meaningless return None.

Finally

With the latest development version of Hy, you can define classes very intuitively with def class, so it doesn't feel too difficult.

Perhaps because of the simple grammar of Python, Python code and Hy code look very similar, and you realize that "all programming languages lead to Lisp."

Next time, I would like to write a larger program to explore the possibilities of Hy.