Beachten Sie, dass es Python 3 unterstützt

X data = open(file).read()
O data = open(file,"rb").read()

  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.4.2_1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/lib/python3.4/codecs.py", line 313, in decode
    (result, consumed) = self._buffer_decode(data, self.errors, final)
UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xe0 in position 13: invalid continuation byte

X   chunk == "MThd"
O   chunk == b"MThd"

X a.has_key("x")
O "x" in a

 X Bytes [i] # ← In diesem Fall unterscheidet sich das Verhalten zwischen 2 und 3.
O bytes[i:i+1] 

$ python2 -c 'print(b"AB"[1])'
B
$ python3 -c 'print(b"AB"[1])'
66
$ python3 -c 'print(b"AB"[1:2])'
b'B'

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