Build REST API with Apache2 + Passenger + Sinatra.
REST API construction policy
I'm already running the main service on Apache2, so I don't want to change the network settings for the REST API. So I run Sinatra on Apache2. In the unlikely event that there is a performance problem, I will call the Rust function over FFI. Sinatra publishes a REST API in parallel with the main app published by Apache2. Make it callable in the following form.
http://localhost:8080/main_app
http://localhost:8080/sinatra
Reference material
- [Installing Passenger + Apache on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (with APT)] (https://www.phusionpassenger.com/library/install/apache/install/oss/bionic/)
- [Deploying an app to a sub-URI or subdirectory] (https://www.phusionpassenger.com/library/deploy/apache/deploy/ruby/#deploying-an-app-to-a-sub-uri-or-subdirectory)
- Other articles by people who have taken on similar challenges (thanks!)
Basic installation
Build an experimental environment with Vagrant. The installation items are as follows.
- Apache2
- Ruby
- bundler
- Sinatra
- sinatra-contrib
- Passenger
If it works with 1024MB of memory, the workload on the production server should be light.
Since vagrant ssh may cause an error, ssh is set at the beginning of installation.
Vagrantfile
# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
config.vm.box = "ubuntu/bionic64"
config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1"
config.vm.synced_folder "./data", "/vagrant_data"
config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
vb.memory = "1024"
end
config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL
# To solve the issue of "[email protected]: permission denied (publickey)."
sudo sed -i 's/PasswordAuthentication no/PasswordAuthentication yes/g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config; \
sudo systemctl restart sshd;
apt-get update
# Installing Apache2
apt-get install -y apache2
# Installing Ruby & sinatra
apt-get install -y ruby
gem install bundler
gem install sinatra
gem install sinatra-contrib
# [Installing Passenger + Apache on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (with APT)]
# (https://www.phusionpassenger.com/library/install/apache/install/oss/bionic/)
sudo apt-get install -y dirmngr gnupg
sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys 561F9B9CAC40B2F7
sudo apt-get install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates
sudo sh -c 'echo deb https://oss-binaries.phusionpassenger.com/apt/passenger bionic main > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/passenger.list'
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y libapache2-mod-passenger
sudo a2enmod passenger
sudo a2enmod headers
sudo apache2ctl restart
SHELL
end
Installation version confirmation
Log in with vagrant ssh to check. The password is vagrant.
Apache2
The version of Apache2 determines whether to write Apache2 settings (Require all granted).
$ apache2 -v
Server version: Apache/2.4.29 (Ubuntu)
Server built: 2020-08-12T21:33:25
Ruby
The Ruby version is also confirmed here to be usable normally.
$ ruby -v
ruby 2.5.1p57 (2018-03-29 revision 63029) [x86_64-linux-gnu]
The location of the Ruby executable file will be reflected in the Apache2 settings (PassengerRuby /usr/bin/ruby2.5).
Ruby Gems (bundler,sinatra,sinatra-contrib)
The following is what was installed by the work so far.
$gem list
backports (3.18.2)
bigdecimal (default: 1.3.4)
bundler (2.1.4)
cmath (default: 1.0.0)
csv (default: 1.0.0)
date (default: 1.0.0)
dbm (default: 1.0.0)
did_you_mean (1.2.0)
etc (default: 1.0.0)
fcntl (default: 1.0.0)
fiddle (default: 1.0.0)
fileutils (default: 1.0.2)
gdbm (default: 2.0.0)
io-console (default: 0.4.6)
ipaddr (default: 1.2.0)
json (default: 2.1.0)
minitest (5.10.3)
multi_json (1.15.0)
mustermann (1.1.1)
net-telnet (0.1.1)
openssl (default: 2.1.1)
power_assert (0.2.7)
psych (default: 3.0.2)
rack (2.2.3, 1.6.4)
rack-protection (2.0.8.1)
rake (12.3.1)
rdoc (default: 6.0.1)
ruby2_keywords (0.0.2)
scanf (default: 1.0.0)
sdbm (default: 1.0.0)
sinatra (2.0.8.1)
sinatra-contrib (2.0.8.1)
stringio (default: 0.0.1)
strscan (default: 1.0.0)
test-unit (3.2.5)
tilt (2.0.10)
webrick (default: 1.4.2)
zlib (default: 1.0.0)
Passenger
Check the operation by referring to Step 3: check installation.
$ sudo /usr/bin/passenger-config validate-install
What would you like to validate?
Use <space> to select.
If the menu doesn't display correctly, press '!'
. ● Passenger itself
○ Apache
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Checking whether this Passenger install is in PATH... ✓
* Checking whether there are no other Passenger installations... ✓
Everything looks good. :-)
Even if I check ʻApache`, it is not recognized. There is no need to recognize Apache2 from Passenger, so there is no problem.
Check the memory usage status.
$ sudo /usr/sbin/passenger-memory-stats
Version: 6.0.6
Date : 2020-09-03 00:07:00 +0000
--------- Apache processes ----------
PID PPID VMSize Private Name
-------------------------------------
4238 1 153.9 MB 0.5 MB /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
4483 4238 1268.4 MB 0.7 MB /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
4484 4238 1268.4 MB 0.6 MB /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
### Processes: 3
### Total private dirty RSS: 1.78 MB
-------- Nginx processes --------
### Processes: 0
### Total private dirty RSS: 0.00 MB
---- Passenger processes -----
PID VMSize Private Name
------------------------------
4468 389.7 MB 2.3 MB Passenger watchdog
4471 946.3 MB 3.4 MB Passenger core
### Processes: 2
### Total private dirty RSS: 5.64 MB
Make sure Passenger recognizes Ruby. Refer to Determine the Ruby command that Passenger should use.
$ passenger-config about ruby-command
passenger-config was invoked through the following Ruby interpreter:
Command: /usr/bin/ruby2.5
Version: ruby 2.5.1p57 (2018-03-29 revision 63029) [x86_64-linux-gnu]
To use in Apache: PassengerRuby /usr/bin/ruby2.5
To use in Nginx : passenger_ruby /usr/bin/ruby2.5
To use with Standalone: /usr/bin/ruby2.5 /usr/bin/passenger start
The following Ruby interpreter was found first in $PATH:
Command: /usr/bin/ruby
Version: ruby 2.5.1p57 (2018-03-29 revision 63029) [x86_64-linux-gnu]
To use in Apache: PassengerRuby /usr/bin/ruby
To use in Nginx : passenger_ruby /usr/bin/ruby
To use with Standalone: /usr/bin/ruby /usr/bin/passenger start
## Notes for RVM users
Do you want to know which command to use for a different Ruby interpreter? 'rvm use' that Ruby interpreter, then re-run 'passenger-config about ruby-command'.
Remember that / usr / bin / ruby2.5 is set in Apache2.
Sinatra application configuration
To run the Sinatra app in Apache2 + Passenger configuration, there are some precautions in application configuration. Public and tmp directories are required in the application directory. The contents may be empty.
/home/vagrant/sinatra$ $ ls -al
total 32
drwxr-xr-x 4 vagrant vagrant 4096 Sep 3 00:59 .
drwxr-xr-x 7 vagrant vagrant 4096 Sep 3 00:46 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 vagrant vagrant 79 Sep 3 00:50 Gemfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 vagrant vagrant 83 Sep 3 00:59 app.rb
-rw-r--r-- 1 vagrant vagrant 63 Sep 3 00:31 config.ru
drwxr-xr-x 2 vagrant vagrant 4096 Sep 3 00:31 public
drwxr-xr-x 2 vagrant vagrant 4096 Sep 3 00:31 tmp
/home/vagrant/sinatra/Gemfile
source 'https://rubygems.org/'
gem 'sinatra'
gem 'sinatra-contrib'
gem 'rack'
/home/vagrant/sinatra/app.rb
Bundler.require
get '/' do
"I did it my way"
end
/home/vagrant/sinatra/config.ru
require File.absolute_path("app.rb")
run Sinatra::Application
Run bundler and set application dependencies.
~/sinatra$ bundler install
Fetching gem metadata from https://rubygems.org/.........
Resolving dependencies...
Using backports 3.18.2
Following files may not be writable, so sudo is needed:
/usr/local/bin
/var/lib/gems/2.5.0
/var/lib/gems/2.5.0/build_info
/var/lib/gems/2.5.0/cache
/var/lib/gems/2.5.0/doc
/var/lib/gems/2.5.0/extensions
/var/lib/gems/2.5.0/gems
/var/lib/gems/2.5.0/specifications
Using bundler 2.1.4
Using multi_json 1.15.0
Using ruby2_keywords 0.0.2
Using mustermann 1.1.1
Using rack 2.2.3
Using rack-protection 2.0.8.1
Using tilt 2.0.10
Using sinatra 2.0.8.1
Using sinatra-contrib 2.0.8.1
Bundle complete! 3 Gemfile dependencies, 10 gems now installed.
Use `bundle info [gemname]` to see where a bundled gem is installed.
OK if Gemfile.lock is created.
/home/vagrant/sinatra/Gemfile.lock
GEM
remote: https://rubygems.org/
specs:
backports (3.18.2)
multi_json (1.15.0)
mustermann (1.1.1)
ruby2_keywords (~> 0.0.1)
rack (2.2.3)
rack-protection (2.0.8.1)
rack
ruby2_keywords (0.0.2)
sinatra (2.0.8.1)
mustermann (~> 1.0)
rack (~> 2.0)
rack-protection (= 2.0.8.1)
tilt (~> 2.0)
sinatra-contrib (2.0.8.1)
backports (>= 2.8.2)
multi_json
mustermann (~> 1.0)
rack-protection (= 2.0.8.1)
sinatra (= 2.0.8.1)
tilt (~> 2.0)
tilt (2.0.10)
PLATFORMS
ruby
DEPENDENCIES
rack
sinatra
sinatra-contrib
BUNDLED WITH
2.1.4
Link a directory that Apache2 recognizes.
$ sudo ln -s /home/vagrant/sinatra sinatra
$ ls -l
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Sep 2 23:30 html
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Sep 3 00:35 sinatra -> /home/vagrant/sinatra
Settings in /etc/apache2/mods-available/passenger.conf
[Deploying an app to a sub-URI or subdirectory]
Edit the configuration file by referring to (https://www.phusionpassenger.com/library/deploy/apache/deploy/ruby/#deploying-an-app-to-a-sub-uri-or-subdirectory).
Since ### Begin to ### End are described when installing Passenger, add the settings after that. The setting items differ depending on the version of Passenger, so be careful when using different versions of Passenger.
Specify the location of the ruby executable file in PassengerRuby.
If the version of Apache2 is 2.4 or higher, describe Require all granted.
There is only one place to write RackBaseURI, which is correct.
/etc/apache2/mods-available/passenger.conf
### Begin automatically installed Phusion Passenger config snippet ###
<IfModule mod_passenger.c>
PassengerRoot /usr/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/phusion_passenger/locations.ini
PassengerDefaultRuby /usr/bin/passenger_free_ruby
</IfModule>
### End automatically installed Phusion Passenger config snippet ###
PassengerRuby /usr/bin/ruby2.5
RackBaseURI /sinatra
Alias /sinatra /var/www/sinatra/public
<Location /sinatra>
PassengerBaseURI /sinatra
PassengerAppRoot /var/www/sinatra
</Location>
<Directory /var/www/sinatra/public>
Allow from all
Options -MultiViews
Require all granted
</Directory>
Apache2 restart
$ sudo service apache2 restart
Check the status just in case.
$ sudo service apache2 status
● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/apache2.service.d
└─apache2-systemd.conf
Active: active (running) since Thu 2020-09-03 00:25:40 UTC; 47s ago
Process: 4811 ExecStop=/usr/sbin/apachectl stop (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 4817 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/apachectl start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 2595 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Tasks: 73 (limit: 1152)
CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service
├─4871 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
├─4874 Passenger watchdog
├─4878 Passenger core
├─4892 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
└─4893 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
Sep 03 00:25:40 ubuntu-bionic systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Sep 03 00:25:40 ubuntu-bionic apachectl[4817]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified d
Sep 03 00:25:40 ubuntu-bionic systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Passenger is also running.
Operation check
First of all, the main app.
Check the operation of Sinatra.
If it doesn't work, an error screen will appear.
If you don't even see the Passenger error screen, you haven't reached Passenger in the first place. There is a possibility of a misconfiguration of Apache2 itself. If you get an error, check /var/log/apache2/error.log.
Task
The items that have not been resolved due to lack of study are as follows.
- I don't know Bundler. You don't have to do
gem install sinatra. - Sinatra does not auto reload. Is it not enough to just write'sinatra-contrib' in the Gemfile?
- Placement of the Sinatra app. Be careful about the security of public services.
- Authentication process for Sinatra app.
- How to call a Rust function from Sinatra (Ruby) over FFI.
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