[PYTHON] I looked into class inheritance overrides.

Introduction

My junior asked me about Java class inheritance, but I couldn't answer it immediately, so I did a lot of research.

Origin

Old @IT Conference Room: About Variable Inheritance

Excerpt because it is difficult to read

When a variable with the same name exists in the superclass, the method of the superclass When executed, the variable with the same name referred to the superclass. How can I refer to the variable with the same name in my class?

Below is a sample source. What I thought would return "I am a child" returned "I am a parent."

• Changed access modifier and class name so that it can be compiled with one file.

Main.java

//Execution class
public class Main{
    public static void main(String args[]){
        Child c1 = new Child();
        c1.print(); 
    } 
} 

//Super class
class Parent{
    private String JIBUN = "parent"; 
    public void print(){
        System.out.println("I" + JIBUN + "is."); 
    }
} 

//Child class
class Child extends Parent{
    private String JIBUN = "children";
}

He said that he didn't understand even if he read the explanation.

Java inheritance and overloading

The moment I saw it, I thought that JIBUN is private, so it can't be referenced from other classes, and Parent and Child are different, right? It was that.

But what if it's protected (public)? I came up with the question, so I investigated it properly.

Below is the source used for the test. piza.io

Main.java

//Execution class
public class Main{
    public static void main(String args[]){
        Child c1 = new Child();
        c1.print(); 
        c1.print2();
        Parent parent = new Child();
        c1.print(); 
        c1.print2();
    } 
} 

//Super class
class Parent{
    private String JIBUN1 = "Parent 1"; 
    protected String JIBUN2 = "Parent 2"; 
    protected String JIBUN3 = "Parent 3"; 
    public void print(){ 
        System.out.println("print"); 
        System.out.println("I" + JIBUN1 + "is."); 
        System.out.println("I" + JIBUN2 + "is."); 
        System.out.println("I" + JIBUN3 + "is."); 
    }
//    final public void print2(){If you don't want to override it, add final and you will get a compile error.
    public void print2(){
        System.out.println("print2"); 
        System.out.println("Parents" + JIBUN1 + "is."); 
        System.out.println("Parents" + JIBUN2 + "is."); 
        System.out.println("Parents" + JIBUN3 + "is."); 
    } 
} 

//Child class
class Child extends Parent{
    // @Override //Compile error because it cannot be overridden
    private String JIBUN1 = "Child 1";
    // @Override //Compile error because it cannot be overridden
    protected String JIBUN2 = "Child 2";
    Child() {
        this.JIBUN3 = "Child 3";
    }
    @Override //Override annotation clearly states that it is an override
    public void print2(){
        System.out.println("print2"); 
        System.out.println("Children" + JIBUN1 + "is."); 
        System.out.println("Children" + JIBUN2 + "is."); 
        System.out.println("Children" + JIBUN3 + "is."); 
    } 
}

Execution result

print
I am parent 1.
I am parent 2.
I am 3 kids
print2
The child is child 1.
The child is child 2.
The child is child 3.
print
I am parent 1.
I am parent 2.
I am 3 kids
print2
The child is child 1.
The child is child 2.
The child is child 3.

The results are summarized below.

• Fields cannot be overridden. Be hidden.
• However, the compiler does not give a warning. I was surprised! !!
• Methods can only be overridden. (Cannot be hidden.)
• For method override control, if final is added in the parent, override is prohibited, and if @Override is added in the inheritance destination, an error occurs except for override.
• Therefore, when creating a class, be sure to add final to methods that are not planned to be overridden. It's a good idea to always add @Override when creating an override method.

About C # inheritance and overloading

Actually, I originally learned object-oriented programming in C #, so it was easier to write.

piza.io

This time, there are method overrides and hiding, so there are print2 (override) and print3 (hiding).

• Override → Use the inherited method even if it is used as the parent class. (Because the existing movement is rewritten, it is possible to define the movement later)
• Hiding → Parent method when used as a parent class. When used as the inheritance destination, the inheritance destination method.

Main.cs

using System;

public class Test {
    public static void Main(){
        Child c1 = new Child(); 
        c1.print(); 
        c1.print2(); 
        c1.print3(); 
        Parent parent = new Child(); 
        parent.print(); 
        parent.print2(); 
        parent.print3(); 
    }
}

//Super class
public class Parent{
    // virtual //Compile error because it cannot be overridden
    private string JIBUN1 = "Parent 1"; 
    // virtual //Compile error because it cannot be overridden
    protected string JIBUN2 = "Parent 2"; 
    // virtual //Compile error because it cannot be overridden
    protected string JIBUN3 = "Parent 3";
    public void print(){ 
        Console.WriteLine("print"); 
        Console.WriteLine("I" + JIBUN1 + "is."); 
        Console.WriteLine("I" + JIBUN2 + "is."); 
        Console.WriteLine("I" + JIBUN3 + "is."); 
    } 
    virtual public void print2(){ 
        Console.WriteLine("print2"); 
        Console.WriteLine("Parents" + JIBUN1 + "is."); 
        Console.WriteLine("Parents" + JIBUN2 + "is."); 
        Console.WriteLine("Parents" + JIBUN3 + "is."); 
    }
    public void print3(){
        Console.WriteLine("print3"); 
        Console.WriteLine("Parents" + JIBUN1 + "is."); 
        Console.WriteLine("Parents" + JIBUN2 + "is."); 
        Console.WriteLine("Parents" + JIBUN3 + "is."); 
    } 
} 

//Child class
public class Child : Parent{ 
    // override //Compile error because it cannot be overridden
    private string JIBUN1 = "Child 1";
    // override //Compile error because it cannot be overridden
    protected string JIBUN2 = "Child 2";
    public Child() {
        this.JIBUN3 = "Child 3";
    }
    override public void print2(){
        Console.WriteLine("print2"); 
        Console.WriteLine("Children" + JIBUN1 + "is."); 
        Console.WriteLine("Children" + JIBUN2 + "is."); 
        Console.WriteLine("Children" + JIBUN3 + "is."); 
    }
//    override public void print3(){Compile error because print3 does not have virtual
    public void print3(){ //Just an overwrite definition
        Console.WriteLine("print3"); 
        Console.WriteLine("Children" + JIBUN1 + "is."); 
        Console.WriteLine("Children" + JIBUN2 + "is."); 
        Console.WriteLine("Children" + JIBUN3 + "is."); 
    } 
}

Output result

print
I am parent 1.
I am parent 2.
I am 3 kids
print2
The child is child 1.
The child is child 2.
The child is child 3.
print3
The child is child 1.
The child is child 2.
The child is child 3.
print
I am parent 1.
I am parent 2.
I am 3 kids
print2
The child is child 1.
The child is child 2.
The child is child 3.
print3
The parent is parent 1.
The parent is parent 2.
Parent is child 3.

Compile error (warning)

Compilation succeeded - 2 warning(s)
Main.cs(49,22): warning CS0108: `Child.JIBUN2' hides inherited member `Parent.JIBUN2'. Use the new keyword if hiding was intended
Main.cs(21,22): (Location of the symbol related to previous warning)
Main.cs(60,17): warning CS0108: `Child.print3()' hides inherited member `Parent.print3()'. Use the new keyword if hiding was intended
Main.cs(36,17): (Location of the symbol related to previous warning)

The results are summarized below.

• Fields cannot be overridden. Be hidden.
• There is no concealment warning because the private field is class specific. Since protected and above are hidden, a warning is displayed.
• Methods cannot be overridden by default. (Hidden.)
• If you want to override the method, add virtual. Add override even at the override destination. Missing either will result in an error or warning and cannot be overridden.
• I get angry when I try to do something strange that is basically different from my senses (I feel)

Well, that feeling was cultivated in C #, so it's an individual impression.

About C ++ inheritance and overloading

I haven't coded C ++ seriously, so I'll try to google it.

There are also print2 and print3 here.

paiza.io

Main.cpp

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

//Super class
class Parent{
    private:
        // virtual //Compile error because it cannot be overridden
        string JIBUN1 = "Parent 1";
    protected:
        // virtual //Compile error because it cannot be overridden
        string JIBUN2 = "Parent 2"; 
        // virtual //Compile error because it cannot be overridden
        string JIBUN3 = "Parent 3";
    public:
        void print() {
            cout << "print" << endl;
            cout << "I" + JIBUN1 + "is." << endl;
            cout << "I" + JIBUN2 + "is." << endl;
            cout << "I" + JIBUN3 + "is." << endl;
        };
        virtual void print2() {
            cout << "print2" << endl;
            cout << "Parents" + JIBUN1 + "is." << endl;
            cout << "Parents" + JIBUN2 + "is." << endl;
            cout << "Parents" + JIBUN3 + "is." << endl;
        }
        void print3() {
            cout << "print3" << endl;
            cout << "Parents" + JIBUN1 + "is." << endl;
            cout << "Parents" + JIBUN2 + "is." << endl;
            cout << "Parents" + JIBUN3 + "is." << endl;
        }
};

//Child class
class Child : public Parent{ 
    private:
        string JIBUN1 // override //Compile error because it cannot be overridden
        = "Child 1";
    protected:
        string JIBUN2 // override //Compile error because it cannot be overridden
        = "Child 2";
        
    public:
        Child() {
            this->JIBUN3 = "Child 3";
        };
        void print2() override {
            cout << "print2" << endl;
            cout << "Children" + JIBUN1 + "is." << endl;
            cout << "Children" + JIBUN2 + "is." << endl;
            cout << "Children" + JIBUN3 + "is." << endl;
        }
        // void print3() override {Compile error because print3 does not have virtual
        void print3() { //Just an overwrite definition
            cout << "print3" << endl;
            cout << "Children" + JIBUN1 + "is." << endl;
            cout << "Children" + JIBUN2 + "is." << endl;
            cout << "Children" + JIBUN3 + "is." << endl;
        }
};

int main(void){
    Child *c1 = new Child();
    c1->print();
    c1->print2();
    c1->print3();
    Parent *parent = new Child();
    parent->print();
    parent->print2();
    parent->print3();
}

Execution result

print
I am parent 1.
I am parent 2.
I am 3 kids
print2
The child is child 1.
The child is child 2.
The child is child 3.
print3
The child is child 1.
The child is child 2.
The child is child 3.
print
I am parent 1.
I am parent 2.
I am 3 kids
print2
The child is child 1.
The child is child 2.
The child is child 3.
print3
The parent is parent 1.
The parent is parent 2.
Parent is child 3.

There were no particular compilation errors (warnings).

The results are summarized below.

• Fields cannot be overridden. Be hidden.
• Methods cannot be overridden by default. (Hidden.)
• If you want to override the method, add virtual. The override destination may or may not have override.
• It's a shame that you can override the virtual method without writing an override!

About inheritance and overload of python3

I also investigated the LL language at this time. The class is python that looks like a retrofit.

Since the assumptions are different, the source has quite different meanings. sorry. (JIBUN1 and JIBUN2 are class fields)

There are print2 and print3 here as well, but they are the same because they cannot be written separately.

paiza.io

main.py

# coding: utf-8
# Your code here!

def main():
    c1 = Child()
    c1.print()
    c1.print2()
    c1.print3()

    parent = Parent()
    parent.print()
    parent.print2()
    parent.print3()

#Super class
class Parent(object):
    JIBUN1 = "Parent 1"
    JIBUN2 = "Parent 2"
    def __init__(self):
        self.JIBUN3 = "Parent 3"
        
    def print(self):
        print("print")
        print("I" + self.JIBUN1 + "is.")
        print("I" + self.JIBUN2 + "is.")
        print("I" + self.JIBUN3 + "is.")

    def print2(self):
        print("print2")
        print("Parents" + self.JIBUN1 + "is.")
        print("Parents" + self.JIBUN2 + "is.")
        print("Parents" + self.JIBUN3 + "is.")

    def print3(self):
        print("print3")
        print("Parents" + self.JIBUN1 + "is.")
        print("Parents" + self.JIBUN2 + "is.")
        print("Parents" + self.JIBUN3 + "is.")
 

#Child class
class Child(Parent):
    JIBUN1 = "Child 1"
    def __init__(self):
        super(Parent, self).__init__()
        self.JIBUN3 = "Child 3"

    def print2(self):
        print("print2")
        print("Children" + self.JIBUN1 + "is.")
        print("Children" + self.JIBUN2 + "is.")
        print("Children" + self.JIBUN3 + "is.")

    def print3(self):
        print("print3")
        print("Children" + self.JIBUN1 + "is.")
        print("Children" + self.JIBUN2 + "is.")
        print("Children" + self.JIBUN3 + "is.")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Execution result

print
I am a child 1.
I am parent 2.
I am 3 kids
print2
The child is child 1.
The child is parent 2.
The child is child 3.
print3
The child is child 1.
The child is parent 2.
The child is child 3.
print
I am parent 1.
I am parent 2.
I'm parent 3
print2
The parent is parent 1.
The parent is parent 2.
The parent is parent 3.
print3
The parent is parent 1.
The parent is parent 2.
The parent is parent 3.

The results are summarized below.

• In the first place, the field definition assigns a value in the constructor. If there is no field when assigning a value, it will be created. There are no access modifiers.
• Since it's duck typing in the first place, you can override methods and fields as much as you want, or just refer to the first one found. (If you can't find it, go find the inheritance source.)
• You can access the class variable with self, but if you rewrite it, it will be transformed into an instance variable. However, it is troublesome to access by class name.

Well, it feels easy to understand.

About inheritance and overload of ruby

Even in the LL language, ruby seems to have designed the class from the beginning, so for reference. ruby I just scratched it a little.

This is also a source with a quite different meaning.

paiza.io

Main.rb

# coding: utf-8
# Your code here!

def main()
    c1 = Child.new
    c1.print
    c1.print2
    Child.print3

    parent = Parent.new
    parent.print
    parent.print2
    Parent.print3
end

#Super class
class Parent
    @JIBUN1 = "Parent 1"
    @@JIBUN2 = "Parent 2"
    def initialize
        @JIBUN3 = "Parent 3"
    end
        
    def print
        p "print"
        p "I" + (@JIBUN1 || 'undefined') + "is."
        p "I" + (@@JIBUN2 || 'undefined') + "is."
        p "I" + @JIBUN3 + "is."
    end

    def print2
        p "print2"
        p "Parents" + (@JIBUN1 || 'undefined') + "is."
        p "Parents" + (@@JIBUN2 || 'undefined') + "is."
        p "Parents" + @JIBUN3 + "is."
    end

    def self.print3
        p "print3"
        p "Parents" + @JIBUN1 + "is."
        p "Parents" + @@JIBUN2 + "is."
        p "Parents" + (@JIBUN3 || 'undefined') + "is."
    end
end
 

#Child class
class Child < Parent
    @JIBUN1 = "Child 1"
    @@JIBUN2 = "Child 2"
    def initialize
        super
        @JIBUN3 = "Child 3"
    end

    def print2
        p "print2"
        p "Children" + (@JIBUN1 || 'undefined') + "is."
        p "Children" + (@@JIBUN2 || 'undefined') + "is."
        p "Children" + @JIBUN3 + "is."
    end

    def self.print3
        p "print3"
        p "Children" + (@JIBUN1 || 'undefined') + "is."
        p "Children" + (@@JIBUN2 || 'undefined') + "is."
        p "Children" + (@JIBUN3 || 'undefined') + "is."
    end
end

main

Execution result

"print"
"I am undefined."
"I am 2 kids"
"I am 3 kids"
"print2"
"Children are undefined."
"The child is child 2."
"The child is child 3."
"print3"
"The child is child 1."
"The child is child 2."
"Children are undefined."
"print"
"I am undefined."
"I am 2 kids"
"I'm parent 3"
"print2"
"The parent is undefined."
"The parent is child 2."
"The parent is parent 3."
"print3"
"The parent is parent 1."
"The parent is child 2."
"The parent is undefined."

The results are summarized below.

• It seems that it is designed with a class, but the field definition assigns a value in the constructor. If there is no field when assigning a value, it will be created. ~~ There is no access modifier. ~~ I'm sorry. The survey was insufficient. There are protected and private, but only methods.
• This was also duck typing.
• @@ class variables can be rewritten from the inheritance destination! dangerous! But you can refer to it with a normal instance method. The @ class instance variable is closer to a normal image. But I can't refer to it with the instance method! !!

It seems that it was designed with classes, but it is a mystery why class variables and class instance variables became like this.

Summary

• In statically typed languages such as java, C #, C ++, classes can only override methods. The field is hidden.
• In dynamically typed languages such as python and ruby, the mechanism for overriding is realized by duck typing. Therefore, fields and methods can be freely rewritten.
• If you have a question about a language you are not familiar with, you should research it before answering.