[PYTHON] Die Geschichte, dass Vererbungsverhalten in jeder Sprache sehr unterschiedlich ist

Einführung

Dieser Artikel ist eine Zusammenstellung der Ergebnisse meiner Forschung darüber, welche Werte tatsächlich ausgegeben werden, indem die Klassenvererbung auf ähnliche Weise in verschiedenen Sprachen geschrieben wird. Manchmal habe ich hart an Hello World gearbeitet und gedacht, dass es eine solche Grammatik auch in einer bekannten Sprache gibt.

Wer würde davon profitieren, wenn es schwierig wäre, sie zusammenzustellen? Ich werde es jedoch denen überlassen, die sich für das Gleiche interessieren. Nein, möglicherweise gibt es neue Entdeckungen. Bitte lesen Sie diese vorerst. Es könnte ein überraschend interessantes Ergebnis gewesen sein.

Sprache geprüft

--Statische Eingabe

• Java (Corretto 1.8.0_232)

• C# (3.4.0)

• C++ (11.0.0)

• Scala (2.13.1)

• Kotlin (1.3.61)

• Swift (5.1.3)

• Dynamische Eingabe

• Python (3.7.1)

• Ruby (2.6.5)

• PHP (7.1.32)

• JavaScript (node v12.14.1)

• Optionale statische Eingabe

• TypeScript (3.7.2)

• Dart (2.7.0)

In der Umfrage verwendeter Code

Eine untergeordnete Klasse erbt eine übergeordnete Klasse. Die übergeordneten und untergeordneten Klassen haben Instanzvariablen mit demselben Namen. (Keine Klassenvariable) Die übergeordnete Klasse verfügt über eine Methode, mit der Sie Instanzvariablen an die Konsole ausgeben können.

Zur Laufzeit ruft die untergeordnete Klasseninstanz die geerbte übergeordnete Methode auf. Die Geschichte lautet nun ** Welche Instanzvariable wird ausgegeben, Eltern oder Kind? ** …….

Wenn Sie es in JS-Code (ES6 oder höher) schreiben, den wahrscheinlich viele Leute lesen können, ist es ein solcher Code.

class SuperClass {
  constructor() {
    //* In JS werden Instanzvariablen zur Laufzeit definiert. Schreiben Sie sie daher in den Konstruktor.
    this.instanceVariable = "SuperClass" //Unterschiedliche Werte mit demselben Namen
  }

  superClassMethod() {
    console.log(this.instanceVariable)
  }
}

class SubClass extends SuperClass {
  constructor() {
    super()
    this.instanceVariable = "SubClass" //Unterschiedliche Werte mit demselben Namen
  }
}

const sub = new SubClass() //Intensivierung der Kinderklasse
sub.superClassMethod() //Rufen Sie die geerbte übergeordnete Klassenmethode auf

Stellen Sie sich vor, welche Werte in der Sprache ausgegeben werden, die Sie normalerweise verwenden. Es ist ein gelegentlicher Schreibstil (gut oder schlecht), sodass Sie vielleicht wissen, was Sie können. Wenn Sie jedoch wissen, wie es in anderen Sprachen funktioniert, kann es eines Tages nützlich sein, wenn Sie ein anderes Unternehmen oder ein anderes Projekt betreten oder wenn Sie daran interessiert sind, in einer anderen Sprache zu beginnen.

Dieses Mal betrachte ich nicht nur die Instanzvariablen, sondern auch, was passiert, wenn Sie "SuperClass" mit einer Methode zurückgeben (eine Methode einer Instanz, die keine Klassenmethode ist). In diesem Fall haben die übergeordnete Klasse und die untergeordnete Klasse eine Methode mit demselben Namen, und die Methode der übergeordneten Klasse nennt sie ....

Sie können herausfinden, welchen Code Sie geschrieben und nachgeschlagen haben

class Hoge {}

public class JavaSample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("---- SubClass ----");
        SubClass sub = new SubClass();
        sub.superClassMethod();

        System.out.println("---- SubClassProtected ----");
        SubClassProtected subp = new SubClassProtected();
        subp.superClassMethod();

        System.out.println("---- SubClassGetter ----");
        SubClassGetter subg = new SubClassGetter();
        subg.superClassMethod();

        System.out.println("---- SubClassGetterProtected ----");
        SubClassGetterProtected subgp = new SubClassGetterProtected();
        subgp.superClassMethod();
    }
}

class SuperClass {
    //Private Instanzvariablen können nicht von Unterklassen referenziert werden
    private String instanceVariable = "SuperClass";

    public void superClassMethod() {
        System.out.println(instanceVariable);
    }
}

class SubClass extends SuperClass {
    private String instanceVariable = "SubClass";
}

// -------------------------------------------

class SuperClassProtected {
    protected String instanceVariable = "SuperClass";

    public void superClassMethod() {
        System.out.println(instanceVariable);
    }
}

class SubClassProtected extends SuperClassProtected {
    protected String instanceVariable = "SubClass";

    // public void subClassMethod() {
        // System.out.println(instanceVariable);Wenn du schreibst
        // System.out.println(this.instanceVariable);Gleich wie."SubClass"herauskommen.
        //Mit super,"SuperClass"Kann auch angezeigt werden
        // System.out.println(super.instanceVariable);
    // }
}

// -------------------------------------------

class SuperClassGetter {
    private String instanceVariable() {
        return "SuperClass";
    }

    public void superClassMethod() {
        System.out.println(instanceVariable());
    }
}

class SubClassGetter extends SuperClassGetter {
    private String instanceVariable() {
        return "SubClass";
    }
}

// -------------------------------------------

class SuperClassGetterProtected {
    protected String instanceVariable() {
        return "SuperClass";
    }

    public void superClassMethod() {
        System.out.println(instanceVariable());
    }
}

class SubClassGetterProtected extends SuperClassGetterProtected {
    protected String instanceVariable() {
        return "SubClass";
    }
}

using System;

public class CSharpSample
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("---- SubClass ----");
        var sub = new SubClass();
        sub.SuperClassMethod();

        Console.WriteLine("---- SubClassProtected ----");
        var subp = new SubClassProtected();
        subp.SuperClassMethod();

        Console.WriteLine("---- SubClassGetter ----");
        var subg = new SubClassGetter();
        subg.SuperClassMethod();

        Console.WriteLine("---- SubClassGetterProtectedOverride ----");
        var subgpo = new SubClassGetterProtectedOverride();
        subgpo.SuperClassMethod();

        Console.WriteLine("---- SubClassGetterProtectedNew ----");
        var subgpn = new SubClassGetterProtectedNew();
        subgpn.SuperClassMethod();
    }
}

class SuperClass
{
    private string instanceVariable = "SuperClass";

    public void SuperClassMethod()
    {
        Console.WriteLine(instanceVariable);
    }
}

class SubClass : SuperClass
{
    // warning CS0414: The field 'SubClass.instanceVariable' is assigned but its value is never used
    private string instanceVariable = "SubClass";
}

// ----------------------------

class SuperClassProtected
{
    protected string instanceVariable = "SuperClass";

    public void SuperClassMethod()
    {
        Console.WriteLine(instanceVariable);
    }
}

class SubClassProtected : SuperClassProtected
{
    //new ist keine Überschreibung, sondern gibt ausdrücklich an, dass die geerbte Instanzvariable ausgeblendet wird
    new protected string instanceVariable = "SubClass";
}

// ----------------------------

class SuperClassGetter
{
    private string instanceVariable
    { 
        get { 
            return "SuperClass";
        }
    }

    public void SuperClassMethod()
    {
        Console.WriteLine(instanceVariable);
    }
}

class SubClassGetter : SuperClassGetter
{
    private string instanceVariable {
        get {
            return "SubClass";
        }
    }
}

// ----------------------------

class SuperClassGetterProtected
{
    protected virtual string instanceVariable
    { 
        get { 
            return "SuperClass";
        }
    }

    public void SuperClassMethod()
    {
        Console.WriteLine(instanceVariable);
    }
}

class SubClassGetterProtectedOverride : SuperClassGetterProtected
{
    protected override string instanceVariable {
        get {
            return "SubClass";
        }
    }
}

class SubClassGetterProtectedNew : SuperClassGetterProtected
{
    protected new string instanceVariable {
        get {
            return "SubClass";
        }
    }
}

#include <iostream>

class SuperClass {
//Standardmäßig privat (von außerhalb der Klasse nicht zugänglich)
    std::string instanceVariable = "SuperClass";
public:
    void superClassMethod() {
        std::cout << instanceVariable << std::endl;
    }
};

class SubClass : public SuperClass {
    std::string instanceVariable = "SubClass";
};

// -------------------------------

class SuperClassProtected {
protected:
    std::string instanceVariable = "SuperClass";
public:
    void superClassMethod() {
        std::cout << instanceVariable << std::endl;
    }
};

class SubClassProtected : public SuperClassProtected {
protected:
    std::string instanceVariable = "SubClass";
};

// -------------------------------

class SuperClassGetter {
    std::string instanceVariable() {
        return "SuperClass";
    }
public:
    void superClassMethod() {
        std::cout << instanceVariable() << std::endl;
    }
};

class SubClassGetter : public SuperClassGetter {
    std::string instanceVariable() {
        return "SubClass";
    }
};

// -------------------------------

class SuperClassProtectedGetter {
protected:
    std::string instanceVariable() {
        return "SuperClass";
    }
public:
    void superClassMethod() {
        std::cout << instanceVariable() << std::endl;
    }
};

class SubClassProtectedGetter : public SuperClassProtectedGetter {
protected:
    std::string instanceVariable() {
        return "SubClass";
    }
};

// -------------------------------

class SuperClassProtectedGetterOverride {
protected:
    virtual std::string instanceVariable() {
        return "SuperClass";
    }
public:
    void superClassMethod() {
        std::cout << instanceVariable() << std::endl;
    }
};

class SubClassProtectedGetterOverride : public SuperClassProtectedGetterOverride {
protected:
    std::string instanceVariable() override {
        return "SubClass";
    }
};

int main()
{
    std::cout << "---- SubClass ----" << std::endl;
    SubClass sub;
    sub.superClassMethod();

    std::cout << "---- SubClassProtected ----" << std::endl;
    SubClassProtected subp;
    subp.superClassMethod();

    std::cout << "---- SubClassGetter ----" << std::endl;
    SubClassGetter subg;
    subg.superClassMethod();

    std::cout << "---- SubClassProtectedGetter ----" << std::endl;
    SubClassProtectedGetter subpg;
    subpg.superClassMethod();

    std::cout << "---- SubClassProtectedGetterOverride ----" << std::endl;
    SubClassProtectedGetterOverride subpgo;
    subpgo.superClassMethod();

    return 0;
}

object ScalaSample {
    def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
        println("---- SubClass ----")
        val sub = new SubClass
        sub.superClassMethod()
    
        println("---- SubClassProtected ----")
        val subp = new SubClassProtected
        subp.superClassMethod()
    }
}

class SuperClass {
    private val instanceVariable = "SuperClass";

    def superClassMethod(): Unit = {
        println(instanceVariable);
    }
}

class SubClass extends SuperClass {
    private val instanceVariable = "SubClass";
}

// ----------------------------

class SuperClassProtected {
    protected val instanceVariable = "SuperClass";

    def superClassMethod(): Unit = {
        println(instanceVariable);
    }
}

class SubClassProtected extends SuperClassProtected {
    override protected val instanceVariable = "SubClass";
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    println("---- SubClass ----");
    val sub = SubClass();
    sub.superClassMethod();

    println("---- SubClassOverride ----");
    val subo = SubClassOverride();
    subo.superClassMethod();
}

open class SuperClass {
    private val instanceVariable = "SuperClass";

    fun superClassMethod() {
        println(instanceVariable);
    }
}

class SubClass : SuperClass() {
    private val instanceVariable = "SubClass";
}

// -----------------------------------

open class SuperClassOverride {
    open val instanceVariable = "SuperClass";

    fun superClassMethod() {
        println(instanceVariable);
    }
}

class SubClassOverride : SuperClassOverride() {
    override val instanceVariable = "SubClass";
}

class SuperClass {
  private let instanceVariable = "SuperClass";

  func SuperClassMethod() {
    print(instanceVariable);
  }
}

class SubClass: SuperClass {
  private let instanceVariable = "SubClass";
}

// --------------------------------

class SuperClassInternal {
  let instanceVariable = "Error";

  func SuperClassMethod() {
    print(instanceVariable);
  }
}

class SubClassInternal: SuperClassInternal {
  // error: cannot override with a stored property 'instanceVariable'
  // let instanceVariable = "SubClass";
}

// --------------------------------

//Machen Sie es zu einer berechneten Eigenschaft und wachsen Sie ein Getter. In diesem Fall wird es als Funktion behandelt, sodass Sie es überschreiben können.
class SuperClassGetter {
  //Wenn es vermietet ist, Fehler: 'let' declarations cannot be computed properties
  private var instanceVariable: String { get { return "SuperClass" } }

  func SuperClassMethod() {
    print(instanceVariable);
  }
}

class SubClassGetter: SuperClassGetter {
  private var instanceVariable: String { get { return "SubClass" } };
}

// --------------------------------

//Machen Sie es zu einer berechneten Eigenschaft und wachsen Sie ein Getter. In diesem Fall wird es als Funktion behandelt, sodass Sie es überschreiben können.
class SuperClassInternalGetter {
  //Wenn es vermietet ist, Fehler: 'let' declarations cannot be computed properties
  var instanceVariable: String { get { return "SuperClass" } }

  func SuperClassMethod() {
    print(instanceVariable);
  }
}

class SubClassInternalGetter: SuperClassInternalGetter {
  override var instanceVariable: String { get { return "SubClass" } };
}

print("---- SubClass ----");
let sub = SubClass();
sub.SuperClassMethod();

print("---- SubClassInternal ----");
let subi = SubClassInternal();
subi.SuperClassMethod();

print("---- SubClassGetter ----");
let subg = SubClassGetter();
subg.SuperClassMethod();

print("---- SubClassInternalGetter ----");
let subig = SubClassInternalGetter();
subig.SuperClassMethod();

class SuperClass:
  def __init__(self):
    self.instance_variable = "SuperClass"

  def super_class_method(self):
    print(self.instance_variable)

class SubClass(SuperClass):
  def __init__(self):
    super().__init__()
    self.instance_variable = "SubClass"

# ------------------------------

class SuperClassNameMangling:
  def __init__(self):
    self.__instance_variable = "SuperClass"

  def super_class_method(self):
    print(self.__instance_variable)

class SubClassNameMangling(SuperClassNameMangling):
  def __init__(self):
    super().__init__()
    self.__instance_variable = "SubClass"

# ------------------------------

class SuperClassGetter:
  def instance_variable(self):
    return "SuperClass"

  def super_class_method(self):
    print(self.instance_variable())

class SubClassGetter(SuperClassGetter):
  def instance_variable(self):
    return "SubClass"

# ------------------------------

class SuperClassNameManglingGetter:
  def __instance_variable(self):
    return "SuperClass"

  def super_class_method(self):
    print(self.__instance_variable())

class SubClassNameManglingGetter(SuperClassNameManglingGetter):
  def __instance_variable(self):
    return "SubClass"

print('---- SubClass ----')
sub = SubClass()
sub.super_class_method()

print('---- SubClassNameMangling ----')
subp = SubClassNameMangling()
subp.super_class_method()

print('---- SubClassGetter ----')
subg = SubClassGetter()
subg.super_class_method()

print('---- SubClassNameManglingGetter ----')
subpg = SubClassNameManglingGetter()
subpg.super_class_method()

class SuperClass
  def initialize()
    @instance_variable = "SuperClass"
  end

  def super_class_method
    p @instance_variable
  end
end

class SubClass < SuperClass
  def initialize()
    super()
    @instance_variable = "SubClass"
  end
end

# --------------------------------

class SuperClassGetter
  def instance_variable()
    "SuperClass"
  end

  def super_class_method
    p instance_variable
  end
end

class SubClassGetter < SuperClassGetter
  def instance_variable()
    "SubClass"
  end
end

# --------------------------------

class SuperClassGetterPrivate
  def super_class_method
    p instance_variable
  end

  private

  def instance_variable()
    "SuperClass"
  end
end

class SubClassGetterPrivate < SuperClassGetterPrivate
  private
  
  def instance_variable()
    "SubClass"
  end
end

p '---- SubClass ----'
subc = SubClass.new
subc.super_class_method

p '---- SubClassGetter ----'
subg = SubClassGetter.new
subg.super_class_method

p '---- SubClassGetterPrivate ----'
subgp = SubClassGetterPrivate.new
subgp.super_class_method

<?php
function println($message)
{
    echo $message.PHP_EOL;
}

// ----------------------------------------

class SuperClass
{
    private $instanceVariable = "SuperClass";

    public function superClassMethod()
    {
        println($this->instanceVariable);
    }
}

class SubClass extends SuperClass
{
    private $instanceVariable = "SubClass";
}

// ----------------------------------------

class SuperClassProtected
{
    protected $instanceVariable = "SuperClass";

    public function superClassMethod()
    {
        println($this->instanceVariable);
    }
}

class SubClassProtected extends SuperClassProtected
{
    protected $instanceVariable = "SubClass";
}

// ----------------------------------------

class SuperClassGetter
{
    private function instanceVariable()
    {
        return "SuperClass";
    }
    
    public function superClassMethod()
    {
        println($this->instanceVariable());
    }
}

class SubClassGetter extends SuperClassGetter
{
    private function instanceVariable()
    {
        return "SubClass";
    }
}

// ----------------------------------------

class SuperClassGetterProtected
{
    protected function instanceVariable()
    {
        return "SuperClass";
    }
    
    public function superClassMethod()
    {
        println($this->instanceVariable());
    }
}

class SubClassGetterProtected extends SuperClassGetterProtected
{
    protected function instanceVariable()
    {
        return "SubClass";
    }
}

// ----------------------------------------

println("---- SubClass ----");
$sub = new SubClass();
$sub->superClassMethod();

println("---- SubClassProtected ----");
$subp = new SubClassProtected();
$subp->superClassMethod();

println("---- SubClassGetter ----");
$subg = new SubClassGetter();
$subg->superClassMethod();

println("---- SubClassGetterProtected ----");
$subgp = new SubClassGetterProtected();
$subgp->superClassMethod();

class SuperClass {
  constructor() {
    this.instanceVariable = "SuperClass"
  }

  superClassMethod() {
    console.log(this.instanceVariable)
  }
}

class SubClass extends SuperClass {
  constructor() {
    super()
    this.instanceVariable = "SubClass"
  }
}

// ------------------------

function LegacySuperClass() {
  this.instanceVariable = "SuperClass";
};
LegacySuperClass.prototype.superClassMethod = function() {
  console.log(this.instanceVariable)
}; 

function LegacySubClass() {
  this.instanceVariable = "SubClass";
};
LegacySubClass.prototype = new LegacySuperClass();

// ------------------------

class SuperClassArrow {
  constructor() {
    this.instanceVariable = "SuperClass"
  }

  superClassMethod = () => {
    console.log(this.instanceVariable)
  }
}

class SubClassArrow extends SuperClassArrow {
  constructor() {
    super()
    this.instanceVariable = "SubClass"
  }
}

// ------------------------

class SuperClassGetterArrow {
  instanceVariable = () => {
    return "SuperClass"
  }

  superClassMethod = () => {
    console.log(this.instanceVariable())
  }
}

class SubClassGetterArrow extends SuperClassGetterArrow {
  instanceVariable = () => {
    return "SubClass"
  }
}

// ------------------------

console.log('---- SubClass ----')
const sub = new SubClass()
sub.superClassMethod()

console.log('---- LegacySubClass ----')
var lsub = new LegacySubClass()
lsub.superClassMethod()

console.log('---- SubClassArrow ----')
const suba = new SubClassArrow()
suba.superClassMethod()

console.log('---- SubClassGetterArrow ----')
const subga = new SubClassGetterArrow()
subga.superClassMethod()

class SuperClass {
  private readonly instanceVariable: string

  constructor() {
    this.instanceVariable = "Error"
  }

  public superClassMethod() {
    console.log(this.instanceVariable)
  }
}

class SubClass extends SuperClass {
  //Beim Versuch, mit instanceVariable zu definieren
  // TS2415: Class 'SubClass' incorrectly extends base class 'SuperClass'.
  // private readonly instanceVariable: string

  // constructor() {
  //   super()
  //   this.instanceVariable = "SubClass"
  // }
}

// ------------------------

class SuperClassGetter {
  private instanceVariable() {
    return "Error"
  }

  public superClassMethod() {
    console.log(this.instanceVariable())
  }
}

class SubClassGetter extends SuperClassGetter {
  //Beim Versuch, mit instanceVariable zu definieren
  // TS2415: Class 'SubClassGetter' incorrectly extends base class 'SuperClassGetter'.
  // Types have separate declarations of a private property 'instanceVariable'.
  // private instanceVariable() {
  //   return "SubClass"
  // }
}

// ------------------------

class SuperClassProtected {
  protected readonly instanceVariable: string

  constructor() {
    this.instanceVariable = "SuperClass"
  }

  public superClassMethod() {
    console.log(this.instanceVariable)
  }
}

class SubClassProtected extends SuperClassProtected {
  protected readonly instanceVariable: string
  
  constructor() {
    super()
    this.instanceVariable = "SubClass"
  }
}

// ------------------------

class SuperClassProtectedGetterArrow {
  protected instanceVariable = () => {
    return "SuperClass"
  }

  public superClassMethod = () => {
    console.log(this.instanceVariable())
  }
}

class SubClassProtectedGetterArrow extends SuperClassProtectedGetterArrow {
  protected instanceVariable = () => {
    return "SubClass"
  }
}

// ------------------------

//Pfeilfunktionsversion
class SuperClassProtectedArrow {
  protected readonly instanceVariable: string

  constructor() {
    this.instanceVariable = "SuperClass"
  }

  public superClassMethod = () => {
    console.log(this.instanceVariable)
  }
}

class SubClassProtectedArrow extends SuperClassProtectedArrow {
  protected readonly instanceVariable: string
  
  constructor() {
    super()
    this.instanceVariable = "SubClass"
  }
}

console.log('---- SubClass ----')
const sub = new SubClass()
sub.superClassMethod()

console.log('---- SubClassGetter ----')
const subg = new SubClassGetter()
subg.superClassMethod()

console.log('---- SubClassProtected ----')
const subp = new SubClassProtected()
subp.superClassMethod()

console.log('---- SubClassProtectedArrow ----')
const subpa = new SubClassProtectedArrow()
subpa.superClassMethod()

console.log('---- SubClassProtectedGetterArrow ----')
const subpga = new SubClassProtectedGetterArrow()
subpga.superClassMethod()

void main() {
  print("---- SubClassPrivate ----");
  final subp = new SubClassPrivate();
  subp.superClassMethod();

  print("---- SubClass ----");
  final sub = new SubClass();
  sub.superClassMethod();

  print("---- SubClassGetter ----");
  final subg = new SubClassGetter();
  subg.superClassMethod();
}

class SuperClassPrivate {
  //Wenn Sie einen Unterstrich geben, ist dieser privat,
  //Da privat für dieselbe Bibliothek sichtbar ist, sieht es in der Unterklasse hier normal aus
  final String _instanceVariable = "SuperClass";

  void superClassMethod() => print(_instanceVariable);
}

class SubClassPrivate extends SuperClassPrivate {
  final String _instanceVariable = "SubClass";
}

// ------------------------------------

class SuperClass {
  final String instanceVariable = "SuperClass";

  void superClassMethod() => print(instanceVariable);
}

class SubClass extends SuperClass {
  final String instanceVariable = "SubClass";
}

// ------------------------------------

class SuperClassGetter {
  String instanceVariable() => "SuperClass";

  void superClassMethod() => print(instanceVariable());
}

class SubClassGetter extends SuperClassGetter {
  String instanceVariable() => "SubClass";
}